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Crime And The Crimes Of Crime Essay - 1949 Words

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2006) crime is defined as â€Å"an offence punishable by the State on behalf of the general public whose standards do not permit the offending behaviour.† Whilst countless studies have been conducted over the years surrounding crime and the committing of crimes by individuals’, there has also long been debate surrounding whether or not crime is gendered and if so, to what extent. Over the decades a number of studies have been conducted in order to answer this question, with significantly varying results uncovered. Whilst some studies, including those by Darrell Steffensmeier and Emilie Allan (1996) and Jennifer Schwartz and Darrell Steffensmeier (2008) have found that gender plays a significant role in the committing of crimes, other studies including that of Kenneth Polk (1993) have found that the prevalence of gender differences in crimes is reliant on the nature of the crime itself. According to Frances Heidensohn (1985), â€Å"gender appears to be the single most crucial variable associated with criminality† (p.22). In agreement with this statement, Steffensmeier and Allan (1996) highlighted in ‘Gender and Crime: Toward a gendered Theory of Female Offending’, that worldwide criminologists agree that the gender gap within offenders of crime is universal, in that men are always more likely to commit a criminal act than women. However, Steffensmeier and Allan (1996)’s research also highlighted discrepancies between the opinions ofShow MoreRelatedCrime : Crime And Crime1688 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermined that a crime is committed every second a day. Given the data by the FBI’s crime clock, a violent crime such include murder, robbery, rape and assaults occurs every 23.9 Seconds in the United State. Property crime including burglary, theft, and motor vehicle theft every 3.4 seconds a day. 55% of Americans say crime is an extremel y or very serious problem in the U.S. Another 38% view the U.S. crime problem as moderately serious, while one in 20 consider it not serious. Crime has increase inRead MoreCrime, Crime And Crime1551 Words   |  7 Pageslarge and dramatic drop in not only its victims of crime but also the amount of crimes that have been reported to the local police, even though this community already has extraordinary low crime states. The crime states in Lowville show a huge fall across all different levels of crime; this includes a 12.2 per cent drop of criminal damage offences and a 12.8 percent drop in drug offences. Moreover, they have also seen a fall in the statistics for crimes such as robbery, this has dropped by 7.5 per centRead MoreCrimes And Crimes Of The Crimes945 Words   |  4 Pages Crimes can be committed by everyone. The brutality of the crimes has increased throughout the years while the age of criminals is younger than prior criminals who committed the same crimes. Innocent lives are often lost in these acts of violence, such as what had happened at Columbine. Children who commit malicious crimes can either be tried as a child or an adult. Children tried in the juvenile courts are able to get out of jail around or before they turn 21. Juvenile courts are meant to rehabilitateRead MoreThe Crime Of Crime And Crime1180 Words   |  5 PagesCrime is everywhere. It dominates news broadcasts and newspapers. It also takes up the majority of television shows and movies. As well as a great deal of fiction novels and books. Controlling and fighting crimes are essential for the safety of citizens. Also the credibility and power of a government are affected greatly by how they handle crime and deal with criminals. When a crime takes place, the part that fascinates peo ple the most is how the offender is captured and brought to justice (NathanRead MoreCrime : Crime And Crime1059 Words   |  5 PagesLarge or small, crime affects us all. Whether it is presented to you on a personal level, or you happened to have heard it one the news while you and your family were enjoying a nice Sunday meal. In the words of Jeff Mariotte â€Å"Crime touches us all† (Mariotte, Jeff P1). This is shown to us in the popular television series Criminal Minds because of the way the producers and show writers portray the act of crimes as well as the accuracy of the crime, the inside look of what is going on in the criminals’Read MoreCrime Is A Crime And Crime999 Words   |  4 Pagescommits a crime, the immediate response from the public is that they deserve a punishment for their crime. Some of the crimes that offenders act upon range on the spectrum: from a minor crime to a major crime. When an offender commit a minor crime it is known as a misdemeanor and the punishment consists of a year or less in county jail. However, for a serious major crime, offenders are charged with a felony which includes a punishment of a year or more in prison. Additionally, the lowest crime is anRead MoreCrime : Crime And Crime2447 Words   |  10 PagesCrime has always existed in some shape or form. However, the question about how crime much crime exists has always been the source of some discrepancy. Knowing how much crime exists at certain points in time is very important to law enforcement, criminal justice researchers, politicians and other public officials. Being able to measure the amount of crime allows the creation and tracking of crime trends. This allows those concerned with crime trends to better adjust their tactics or methods inRead MoreCrime : Crime And Crime Essay1878 Words   |  8 PagesCrime is ever present in our society. Unfortunately, crime has become seamlessly woven into our social fabric and structure. Crime creates soci etal concern, tension and in some cases may cause panic. No society or group is immune to crime and crime will never be totally regulated or controlled. This is because crime has a certain allure to us all. In effect, everyone in any society has the potential to be a criminal not because we are all bad people but because of the temptation that crime can createRead MoreThe Crime Of A Crime981 Words   |  4 PagesA Crime To Be Poor? Many people are finding it harder and harder to make ends meet and making less money than ever before. Being poor has now become almost illegal in a country that punishes you for falling victim to poverty. Many are being discriminated for not having a place to call home. City ordinances are making it almost impossible for the homeless to have their needs met. According to Barbara Ehrenreich, author of Is It Now A Crime To Be Poor, If you re laying on a sidewalk, whetherRead MoreCrime Movie : Crime And Crime859 Words   |  4 PagesCrime in film What is on television today? We have lots of different kinds of shows out there these days. We have the shows that are for children like Ant Farm, Jessie, and My Little pony. These shows are safe for children, and they are as some may say safe. Next you have the shows for young adults like Once Upon A Time, Pretty Little Liars, and Digi-mon. Show like this is when producers start to add the violence, fighting, and public display of affection. This is also the age frame that the video

Tattoos the Beauty Within Free Essays

Tattoos: The Beauty Within Throughout history tattoos have been used for many different purposes. They have also been criticized for being placed on the human body. People throughout history have been assigning their own beliefs to tattoos. We will write a custom essay sample on Tattoos: the Beauty Within or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some beliefs, even when strange to others, have a substantial value to the person whose choice it is to have admiration for a symbol. History shows that tattoos represent diversity in significance and opinions; this diversity is reflected through a person’s values, culture and judgment. John Barker said, â€Å"There are different motivations in different locations at different times. I believe he has the best description of the reasoning behind tattoos. Who ever came up with the thought of placing ink under the skin to signify a moment in time, special event in their life, or whichever the reason was, was thinking outside the box. There have been many different phases of personal expression throughout history and woven throughout cultures like fabrics in an eccentric Turkish rug. The only constant that tattoos have had threw out the thousands of years, is that it is forever evolving different meanings for different people. Someone, somewhere, in some point in time has had an opinion or use of a tattoo. The first proof of tattooing on a human dates back between 3350 and 3100 B. C. That is 5,000 years ago. Discovered in the Alps in South Tyrol, Italy in September of 1991, Otzi â€Å"the ice man† had over 50 tattoos placed in different areas of his body. Some were along his wrist and ankles. Others were placed along his back. Form the unique placing of his tattoos, anthropologist think his tattoos were used for therapeutic treatment and not symbolic like most tribal tattoos. Otzi tattoos were made by fine incisions into which charcoal was rubbed (Demetz). There is very little chance of ever knowing the true reason behind the how or the why of Neanderthal tattooing. It is still very interesting to know their culture felt it an important practice. The remains of an Egyptian priestess named Amunet were discovered by Archaeologists near Thebes in Egypt. Her 4,000 year-old mummified body was tattooed with several lines and dots across her abdomen, thighs, and breasts- similar to those found on Otzi but in different locations. Researchers believe these tattoos were associated with ritualistic religious practices. When tattooing was adopted by Roman soldiers in their foreign fields of battle it again became something different. What started as a mark of camaraderie and identification was later banned by Roman Emperor Constantine around Anno Domini 325. He declared Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire and according to Christian dogma at the time, tattoos were a disfigurement of that made in God’s image – similar to present day Islamic belief. The purity of the human body became an integral part of Roman belief and even the use of tattoos as brands for criminals or the condemned became unpopular and vulgar. A description of tattoo techniques and a formula for tattoo ink was found in an ancient transcript named Medicae Artis Principles. The text was written by the sixth century Roman physician Aetius Amidenus and there are some that believe that Aetius copied it from the lost Library of Alexandria. This and other evidence suggests that tattooing existed far earlier in the area than popular belief. M. W. Thomson, a Biblical scholar, suggests that Moses barrowed tattooing from the Arabs and introduced it as a way to memorialize the liberation of Jewish slaves in Egypt. Religious extremism is commonly affiliated with symbolic tattoos and the Crusades were no exception. Crusaders who reached the Holy Land in the 11th and 12th centuries had crosses tattooed on their arms. Some believe the mark of the Jerusalem cross was tattooed simply as a souvenir of their travels. Others believe it was the thought of receiving a Christian burial in the event they died in battle, which led many to mark their bodies permanently. In Anno Domini 787, Pope Hadrian the First forbade the marking of skin. This became a tradition for the popes that followed and the Church continued to prohibit tattooing until the 19th century. Tattooing is almost nonexistent in Christian History because of this and researchers have only speculation and small amounts of evidence to draw conclusions. Despite the efforts of Constantine and the Church, some evidence of the many uses of the tattoo by Christianity still exists today and many present day Christians use tattoos to symbolize their faith. Captain James Cook landed in the Polynesian islands in 1769 and encountered inhabitants with an entirely different view of tattooing. The Polynesian peoples had colonized most of the habitable islands east of Samoa by Anno Domini 1,000 and tattoo styles based on separate unique cultures evolved on each of the island groups. Some of the inhabitants believed that a person’s manna, their spiritual power or life force, is displayed through their tattoo. Others such as the warrior class in Hawaii and the Marquesas Islands used the tattoo as a form of camouflage. Traditional Hawaiian tattoo art, known as ‘kakau’, was used to guard ones health and spiritual well-being. Intricate patterns of natural forms were tattooed across the arms, legs, torso and face. Some of them were worn for decoration and merit. The traditional island tattoos of today are symbolic of this heritage and embellishment. Captain Cook’s encounter birthed the rise of naval tattoos. Members of Cook’s crew were the first European sailors to acquire Polynesian tattoos and soon the British Navy had sailors returning home with permanent souvenirs of their travels to distant lands. Unlike the Romans, sailors and eventually every branch of the military embraced this soon to be tradition. Soon tattoo parlors were present in every European port city. The tattoos ranged from unit identification and shared camaraderie to lucky charms meant to save them from alcohol and complex relationships. Modern day military tattoos are a traditional form of pride for members of the armed services. Tattoos are controversial, symbolic and significant. Tattoos have been used throughout history by many different cultures. They have maintained a status in present day history for many different people for many different reasons. A variety of people view a tattoo as a sin, disgrace, or just plain tacky to have on the human body. Churches throughout history and cultures have used tattoos as scapegoats, for sinner’s actions. The churches have also used them in certain religious practices. Cultures throughout the world, in past and present times, have had multiple meaning associated with the various types of tattoo designs. Depending on the tattoos location on the body, pattern, and/or sex of the person, can signify different skills, Statius, and or the titles held in certain tribes around the world. In modern day western cultures, many people have decided to get a tattoo to signify a specific memory, as tribute to a love one who has passed, and/or just because they like the design of the tattoo. It’s a person’s own perspective to look inside one’s self and choose to see the beauty within the art of a tattoo. Whether people see tattoos as a sin or a work of art, Tattoos have earned their place in history. Works Cited â€Å"Tattoo. † Word Histories and Mysteries. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. Credo Reference. Web. 20 February 2011. â€Å"The Ancient and Mysterious History. History Archaeology. Cate Lineberry. Smithsonian, 01 January 2007. Web. 20 February 2011. â€Å"Painted Past: Borneo’s Traditional Tattoos. † National Geographic Channel. Sharon Guynup. June 18, 2004. Web. 21 February 2011. â€Å"Tattoos-From Taboo to Mainstream. † National Geographic News. Brian Handwerk. October 11, 2002. Web. 25 February 2011. â€Å"The Gu ide. † Stefan Demetz, The South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, 1998. â€Å"History of Tattoos – Tribal Tattoos – Tattoos Today. † Freetattoodesigns. org. Web. 20 February 2011. â€Å"Tattoo History – India. † Tattoojoy. com. Web. 20 February 2011. How to cite Tattoos: the Beauty Within, Essay examples

An Analysis of The House on Mango Street House Man Essay Example For Students

An Analysis of The House on Mango Street House Man Essay go Street An Analysis of The House on Mango Street In the novel, The House on Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros describes the problems that Latino women face in a society that treats them as second class citizens. A society that is dominated by men, and a society that values women for what they look like, and not for what is on inside. In her Novel Cisneros wants us to envision the obstacles that Latino women must face everyday in order to be treated equally. In the Book women are looked upon as objects by men whether they are boyfriends, friends fathers or husbands. The girls in the novel grow up with the mentality that looks and appearance are the most important things to a woman. Cisneros also shows how Latino women are expected to be loyal to their husbands, and that a husband should have complete control of the relationship. Yet on the other hand, Cisneros describes the character Esperanza as being different. Even though she is born and raised in the same culture as the women around her, she is not happy with it, and knows that someday she will break free from its ties, because she is mentally strong and has a talent for telling stories. She comes back through her stories by showing the women that they can be independent and live their own lives. In a way this is Cinceros way of coming back and giving back to the women in her community. The Latino women and girls in the novel are extremely concerned about their appearances, because they feel that if they arent attractive then they wont be noticed by men, and they are raised to believe that they need a man to fulfil their life, and that they need a husband to support them, and if they dont look attractive then they are not going to be noticed, and if they are not noticed, then they think they wont end up getting married. A good example of this is Marin. When Marin talks about a real job Marin says that the best place to work is downtown, not because of the work that is there, but because you always get to look beautiful and were nice clothes. She also tells the girls that the only thing that matters is if your skirts are short, and your eyes are pretty, so that you are noticed by guys. Cisneros is showing us again that the only values that these Latino woman have are the values placed upon them by men, and these values are observed by little girls w! ho think this is the right way of doing things, and therefore the idea of women being independent is never heard of, until girls like Esperanza have hopes of leaving her male controlled society, and becoming independent, only to one day hope of coming back to teach others that they dont have to be dependent on men. The symbolic importance of the clothes to they girls is shown one day when the girls are given a bag of high heeled shoes that Esperanza calls magic high-heels. When the girls put on the shoes they felt like Cinderella. They spend time learning how to cross and uncross their legs and how to walk down to the corner so that the shoes talk back to you with every step. Esperanza says that the men cant take their eyes off us, The girls dont seem to mind this treatment either. They enjoy it, because they are too young to understand that they are being treated as objects, not people. .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb , .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb .postImageUrl , .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb , .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb:hover , .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb:visited , .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb:active { border:0!important; } .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb:active , .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c47ed8409f186a71a5f66b56e083cdb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lan Based Essay In the chapter, Sally, Cisneros describes a girl that she admires but doesnt explain anything about her besides her looks. Esperanza describes her as having eyes like Egypt, and nylons the color of smoke. You can tell that Esperanza is very envious of Sally, and would like to have smoky nylons , and have black suede shoes. Even though Esperanza knows that Sally will probably be headed for a life of difficulties because of her grown-up looks, Esperanza sees herself as the the ugly .

A Definition of the Literary Term, Cacophony

A Definition of the Literary Term, Cacophony Similar to its counterpart in music, a cacophony in literature is a combination of words or phrases that sound harsh, jarring, and generally unpleasant. Pronounced Kuh-koff-uh-nee, the noun cacophony and its adjective form cacophonous, refer to the â€Å"musicality† of writing- how it sounds to the reader when spoken aloud.     Ã‚   Coming from a Greek word literally meaning â€Å"bad sound,† cacophony as used in both prose and poetry typically  produces its desired unharmonious effect through the repeated use of â€Å"explosive† consonants, like T, P, or K. The word cacophony itself is cacophonous because of its repetition of the â€Å"K† sound. On the other hand, some words like â€Å"screeching,† â€Å"scratching,† or â€Å"oozing† are cacophonies simply because they are unpleasant to hear. The opposite of cacophony is â€Å"euphony,† a mixture of words that sound pleasant or melodious to the reader. A common misconception is that any tongue-twister, like â€Å"She sells seashells by the seashore† is an example of cacophony. While cacophonous phrases can be tricky to pronounce, not every tongue-twister is a cacophony. For example, â€Å"She sells seashells by the seashore† is actually an example of sibilance- the repeated use of soft consonants to produce hissing sounds- and is thus more euphony than cacophony. Explosive Consonants: A Key to Cacophony In many cases, â€Å"explosive† consonants are the key ingredient of cacophony. Explosive or â€Å"stop† consonants are those after which all sound abruptly stops, producing tiny verbal explosions or â€Å"pops† when spoken aloud. The consonants B, D, K, P, T, and G are the consonants most commonly used in creating a cacophony. For example, imagine writing about a metal pot falling down a stairway. The pot would ping, ting, bong, dong, clang, and bang before going whack against your head. Other explosive consonants  or stop sounds include C, CH, Q, and X. Individual words, sentences, paragraphs, or entire poems are considered cacophonous when they contain explosive consonants occurring in relatively close succession. For example, in his classic poem â€Å"The Raven,† Edgar Allan Poe uses the â€Å"G† sound in a cacophony when he writes, â€Å"What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore.†Or in William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth,† the three witches’ chant of â€Å"Double, double toil and trouble,† repeats the â€Å"D† and â€Å"T† sounds to create a cacophony. However, this does not mean that every consonant must be explosive or that explosive sounds must come in rapid succession. Indeed, most cacophonies use other, non-explosive consonant sounds to add to the passage’s expression of uncomfortable discord. In contrast, euphony- the opposite of cacophony- uses soft consonant sounds, like â€Å"floral† or â€Å"euphoria,† or â€Å"cellar door,† which linguists consider the most pleasing combination of two words in the English language. Why Authors Use Cacophony In both prose and poetry, authors use cacophony to help bring life to their writing by making the sound of their words reflect or even mimic the subject, mood, or setting they are writing about. For example, cacophony might be used in writing about: The tolling of distant bells.The noise of a busy city street or classroom full of unruly children.The chaotic violence of a battleground.Dark emotions like guilt, regret, or sorrow.A world filled with fantasy and mysterious settings. By using cacophony and euphony- alone or together- authors can add tone and feeling to their writing in much the same way graphic artists use clashing and complementary colors to bring depth and emotion to their paintings.   Cacophony in Lewis Carroll’sâ€Å"Jabberwocky† In his 1871 novel, â€Å"Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There,† Lewis Carroll created perhaps the best-known example of cacophony by the inclusion of the classic poem, â€Å"Jabberwocky.† The poem, which at once fascinated and confounded the novel’s main character Alice, uses cacophony in the form of invented, unmelodious words spiked with the explosive constants T, B, K to paint  a picture of life in a fantastical world terrorized by a gang of menacing monsters. (Listen to Benedict Cumberbatch read the poem in this video.) Twas brillig, and the slithy tovesDid gyre and gimble in the wabe:All mimsy were the borogoves,And the momeraths outgrabe.Beware the Jabberwock, my son!The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!Beware the Jubjub bird, and shunThe frumious Bandersnatch! Carroll’s cacophony of confusion clearly worked on the novel’s main character Alice, who after reading the poem, exclaimed: â€Å"Somehow it seems to fill my head with ideas- only I don’t exactly know what they are! However, somebody killed something: that’s clear, at any rate.† Contrast Carrolls use of cacophony in â€Å"Jabberwocky† with the pleasurable euphony used by John Keats in his pastoral ode, â€Å"To Autumn.† Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness,Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;Conspiring with him how to load and blessWith fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run. Cacophony in Kurt Vonnegut’s â€Å"Cat’s Cradle† In his 1963 novel â€Å"Cat’s Cradle,† Kurt Vonnegut creates the fictional Caribbean island of San Lorenzo, the natives of which speak a vaguely recognizable dialect of English. The San Lorenzan dialect is dominated by the explosive consonant sounds of TSVs, Ks, and hard Ps and Bs.   At one point, Vonnegut translates the well-known nursery rhyme â€Å"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star† (albeit the version used in Alice in Wonderland) into Lorenzan: Tsvent-kiul, tsvent-kiul, lett-pool store,(Twinkle, twinkle, little star,)  Kojytsvantoor bat voo yore.(How I wonder what you are,)        Ã‚  Ã‚     Put-shinik on lo sheezobrath,(Shining in the sky so bright,)Kam oon teetron on lo nath,(Like a tea tray in the night,) Throughout the novel, Vonnegut  uses cacophony comically to illustrate the absurdities of subjects like science, technology, religion, and the arms race by creating characters like Zinka and Bokonon and invented words like sinookas and wampeters, which are decidedly cacophonic due to their use of explosive consonants. Cacophony in Jonathan Swift’s â€Å"Gullivers Travels† In his satirical novel on human nature â€Å"Gullivers Travels,† Jonathan Swift uses cacophony to  create a graphic mental image of the horrors of war. I could not forbear shaking my head, and smiling a little at his ignorance. And being no stranger to the art of war, I gave him a description of cannons, culverins, muskets, carbines, pistols, bullets, powder, swords, bayonets, battles, sieges, retreats, attacks, undermines, countermines, bombardments, sea fights, ships sunk with a thousand men†¦ In similar passages, combining sharp sounds of the explosive consonants C and K add a nature of ruggedness and violence to words like â€Å"cannons† and â€Å"muskets, while P and B add to the discomfort felt while reading words like â€Å"pistols† and â€Å"bombardments.† But Does Cacophony Always Work?   While it can clearly add color and tone to writing, cacophony can sometimes do more harm than good.   If used for no good reason or too often, it can distract and even aggravate readers, making it hard for them to follow the work’s main plot or to understand its intent. Indeed, many authors strive to avoid injecting â€Å"accidental cacophony† into their works. As the noted literary critic M. H. Abrams points out in his book, â€Å"A Glossary of Literary Terms,† a cacophony may be written, â€Å"inadvertent, through a lapse in the writers attention or skill.† However, he stresses, â€Å"cacophony may also be deliberate and functional: for humor, or else for other purposes.† Key Points A cacophony in literature is a combination of words or phrases that sound harsh, jarring, and generally unpleasant.The opposite of cacophony is â€Å"euphony,† a mixture of pleasant or melodious words.The repeated use of â€Å"explosive† or â€Å"stop† consonants like B, D, K, P, T, and G are often used to create a cacophony.Cacophony is used in both poetry and prose.Writers use cacophony to help readers picture and feel the situations or conditions they are describing. Sources â€Å"Euphony and Cacophony.†Encyclopedia Britannica. Online.Bureman, Liz. â€Å"Euphony and Cacophony: A Writer’s Guide.† The Write Practice. Online.Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). â€Å"The Sounds of the Worlds Languages.†Oxford: Blackwell. p. 102. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.Abrams, M. H., â€Å"A Glossary of Literary Terms.†Wadsworth Publishing; 11 edition (January 1, 2014).   ISBN 978-1285465067

Essay on The case of unethical behavior in the Criminal Justice fieldEssay Writing Service

Essay on The case of unethical behavior in the Criminal Justice fieldEssay Writing Service Essay on The case of unethical behavior in the Criminal Justice field Essay on The case of unethical behavior in the Criminal Justice fieldToday special attention is paid to the importance of ethics in Criminal Justice. Ethics in the Criminal Justice field has been a hot topic since the late 1990s and it continues to be important in the 21-st century. The issue of ethics in the Criminal Justice filed is considered to be similar to the police ethics. However, ethics refers to all branches of the Criminal Justice system. Because of the increased role of policing, many ethical issues are connected with policing in today’s society. This paper explores the case of unethical behavior in the Criminal Justice field. The case under discussion is the case of Kalvin Michael Smith (1997). This paper provides much important information about unethical behavior in the Criminal Justice field, providing the overview of the facts of the case, the explanation of the violation of written and unwritten ethical code, and the ways to prevent this type of situation.In troduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ethics plays a significant role in the Criminal Justice field. Unethical behavior varies from one case to another, but the practice of criminal justice is influenced by the four â€Å"root sins†, including â€Å"lying and deception; prejudice and racial discrimination; egoism and the abuse of authority; and misguided loyalties† (Souryal, 2009, p. 214). The case of Kalvin Michael Smith is an example of unethical behavior in the Criminal Justice field caused by unethical behavior and corruption in the system. Actually, ethics has always been an important issue within the criminal justice practice because criminal justice practitioners, including the police investigators and prosecutors are kept under scrutiny. Therefore, the case of Kalvin Michael Smith can be used to improve ethical behavior through the promotion of the study of ethics. According to researchers, â€Å"scholars can be of assistance to practitioners by studying the sociological and psychological forces that impact ethical and unethical behavior† (Byers, 2014, p.1). The facts of Kalvin Michael Smith’s case point out to the violation of ethical code by the criminal justice practitioners. It is necessary to use the proper methods to prevent this type of situation in the future.The major goal of this paper is to research the case of unethical behavior in the Criminal Justice field, providing the overview of the facts of the case, the explanation of the violation of written and unwritten ethical code, and the ways to prevent this type of situation.The overview of the facts of the caseThe case of Kalvin Michael Smith is also known as the Silk Plant Forest case. Mr. Kalvin Michael Smith was charged of â€Å"Robbery with a Dangerous Weapon and Assault with a Deadly Weapon with the Intent to Kill inflicting serious injury† (Cunningham, 2010, p. 29). The incident occurred on December 9, 1995 in Winston-Salem. The assi stant manager of Silk Plant Forest shop, Jill Marker (33), worked in the shop. At 8:55 pm, Jill was found seriously injured. The man was attacked by a thief who used a blunt instrument to beat his victim. The cash was opened, and the sum of $304 was taken by the thief.The thief attacked the shop at 8:45 pm 8:55 pm. The witness informed the time of attack as he left the shop several minutes prior to the incident. Jill was severely beaten and the healthcare professionals did not expect her to survive. The case was given to a homicide detective Williams two days later, when the police were told that the victim would survive. When the perpetrator attacked Jill, she was pregnant. Being in coma, she gave birth to her child via cesarean section. There were no people in the shop except Jill and the perpetrator or perpetrators; therefore, there were no eye-victims to the crime. The pool of blood on the floor at the crime scene was analyzed and all samples belonged to the victim (Silk Plant Forest Truth Committee, 2009).Six months after the crime, a young black man Kalvin Michael Smith (25) was involved in the case. On June 1, 1996, a woman â€Å"A† accused Kalvin Michael Smith. On July 22, 1996, the man was arrested base on the woman’s report. The man was brought to the Winston-Salem Police Department and denied his involvement in the crime. The suspect l took a polygraph test (or a lie detector). The polygraph test results were used as evidence. According to Detective Williams report, Michael was identified as truthful based on the polygraph testing. The police did not continue any further investigation of the man’s fault. On January 24, 1997, he was arrested. Michael’s photo was presented to the victim, who pointed out to the fact that the perpetrator was a black man, but failed to identify him. Another suspect Kenneth Lamoureux (40), a white man, was identified by the victim as a man who visited the shop that day (Silk Plant Forest Truth Committee, 2009).Kalvin Michael Smith was involved in the case based on the reports of his women whom he deceived. In fact, there were no eyewitnesses in the case, as well as there were no physical evidence. Detective Williams’s investigation process led to the trial, based on four witnesses’ reports who testified against Kalvin Michael Smith. In addition, Jill Marker identified the black man Kalvin Michael Smith as the perpetrator who caused injury to her at the Silk Plant Forest shop. The judge reviewed the evidence, including the victim’s identification of the perpetrator in the court, and brought in a verdict against Kalvin Michael Smith of â€Å"guilty on both counts: assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury with intent to kill; and armed robbery† (Silk Plant Forest Truth Committee, 2009, p.1). Michael was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of 28 years and11 months.The explanation of the violation of written and unwritten ethical code In the Silk Plant Forest, Kalvin Michael Smith was brought to trial by jury, but he had the right to appeal on several circumstances. The officials within the criminal justice system studied his case and have found that there were â€Å"not significant flaws in the process that convicted Mr. Smith† (Cunningham, 2010, p. 29). They argued that the flaws found in the legal and judicial process could not lead to the miscarriage of justice. Moreover, they stated that the results of criminal trial would be the same even if these flaws were absent (Cunningham, 2010).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, the Criminal Justice System Failure is obvious. In 1998, Kalvin Michael Smith’s appeal of the court’s judgment was denied. In 1999, Kalvin Michael Smith wanted to correct errors, filing a motion for appropriate relief (MAR) without the attorney’s benefit, which was also denied. In 2003, the case of Kalvin Michael Smith was reviewed by the mem bers of the Duke University Law School Innocence Project. The investigation of the case took one year. The members of the Duke University Law School Innocence Project proved that Michael was not involved in the crime, as well as in the scene of the Silk Plant Forest shop (Kalvin Michael Smith vs. Todd Pinion, Memorandum Opinion and Order, 2013).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although, it has been found that the investigative report of Smith’s case failed to â€Å"constitute clear and convincing evidence to rebut the presumption of correctness regarding these findings,† the case of Kalvin Michael Smith remains unclear to the public and experts (Kalvin Michael Smith vs. Todd Pinion, Memorandum Opinion and Order, 2013). There is much evidence that the existing ethical code was violated. In other words, the case of Kalvin Michael Smith proves that unethical behavior by the police investigators and prosecutors resulted in a wrongful conviction of a black man ( Kalvin Michael Smith vs. Todd Pinion, Memorandum Opinion and Order, 2013). In his interview at the correctional institution (Taylorsville City, Utah), Kalvin Michael Smith said, â€Å"It bothers me being in here (prison) for something I know I didnt do. Its an unexplainable feeling. It tears you up on the inside† (Zerwick, 2013, p.2). The traumatic injury Jill Marker got seriously damaged some portion of her brain that is responsible for memory storage and organizing. Besides, the police investigator played an important role in formation of her memory (Zerwick, 2013). In fact, Detective Williams was determined to find the perpetrator; therefore, he used Kalvin Michael Smith as the prime suspect. The major violation of written and unwritten ethical code is caused by mistaken identification.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the case of Kalvin Michael Smith, Detective Williams asked the victim to explore six photographs in order to identify the perpetrator who atta cked the victim. Jill Marker pointed to Smith’s photograph. However, Detective Williams violated ethical code (Zerwick, 2013). The interview was not videotaped. As a result, he did not provide any records, except for his notes and the notes of another police officer about Jill Marker’s identification of Smith’s photograph. According to researchers, â€Å"There’s no way to know for sure what was said or suggested† (Zerwick, 2013, p.2). The police did not find any physical evidence that could be used to link Kalvin Michael Smith to the crime. This fact means the charge against Smith was based only on Jill Marker’s identification and the statements given by three people who knew Smith.According to neuropsychologists place emphasis on the role of memory function in the criminal justice practice. Many tests are developed to evaluate different aspects of a patient’s memory (Zerwick, 2013).   However, none of these tests was used in the ca se of Jill Marker, who suffered severe brain injury. Based on the report findings, Jill Marker’s doctor affirmed that the woman suffered from some form of amnesia. However, the attorney of Kalvin Michael Smith did not use this information (Zerwick, 2013). The jurors and the police investigator violated ethical code because of the breaches of professional ethics, the law and professional responsibilities (Crowder Turvey, 2013; Zerwick, 2013).The ways to prevent unethical behavior in the Criminal Justice fieldThis type of situation should be prevented. Mistaken identification is a real problem that should be solved to prevent unethical behavior in the Criminal Justice field. According to the member of the N.C. Commission on Actual Innocence, appointed by the Chief Justice of the N.C. Supreme Court to promote effective reforms in the Criminal Justice field aimed at stopping wrongful convictions, Kalvin Michael Smith is innocent (Zerwick, 2013). The black man was wrongly accused . The commission helps to tackle the problem of mistaken identification in the Criminal Justice field (Zerwick, 2013). This is one of the effective tools to prevent unethical behavior in the Criminal Justice system. One of the first reforms proposed by the commission was to prevent a police investigator from inducing psychological pressure on the witness’s or victim’s choice, both intentionally and unintentionally. In this case, â€Å"the commission recommends that an investigator with no knowledge of the case should conduct police lineups to prevent an investigator from influencing the witnesss choice, intentionally or unintentionally† (Zerwick, 2013, p. 2).Moreover, unethical behavior in the Criminal Justice field can be prevented by the application of whistleblowing practice. According to Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012, the staff members of federal agencies should be protected from punishment for reporting misconduct, illegal acts and behavi ors, violation of the established ethical code, etc. (Crowder Turvey, 2013). Today special attention is paid to the â€Å"ethical obligations, policies and laws associated with reporting misconduct by employees within the criminal justice system† (Crowder Turvey, 2013, p. 435). Any whistleblowing practice used by criminal justice practitioners is based on the obligation to inform any act of misconduct or unethical behavior they are aware of and have enough evidence to prove these acts (Crowder Turvey).Undoubtedly, these obligations can be regarded as part of professional ethics, a criminal justice organization’s policy or the law. In case of Kalvin Michael Smith discussed in this paper, Detective Williams’s unethical behavior should have been reported by his colleagues who had direct knowledge of this behavior. Criminal justice practitioners should understand that the stakes are high and the lives of people depend on their response to misconduct or unethical behavior (Crowder Turvey). In other words, the â€Å"failure to report misconduct is likely to result in someone losing their life, their job and their family, along with their basic liberties†( Crowder Turvey, 2013, p. 436).Besides, unethical behavior in the Criminal Justice field can be prevented by means of an effective anti-corruption policy that will include the proper mechanisms to address problems caused by unethical behavior and misconduct of criminal justice practitioners (Pollock, 2011). Researchers recommend including the following aspects in this policy: the proactive methods to identify wrongdoing; to provide screening of the staff members, using effective psychological tests, to improve the existing working conditions of employees; and to provide reliable role models to motivate employees following the established code of ethics (Pollock, 2011).Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that the case of Kalvin Mich ael Smith can be viewed as the case, in which unethical behavior of the criminal justice practitioners has led to destroying one’s life, as well as the basic liberties. The attack of a young woman at the Silk Plant Forest shop on December 9, 1995 was investigated by the police. The prosecution and conviction of Kalvin Michael Smith caused by unethical behavior of criminal justice practitioners destroyed the life of a young man. Jill Marker, an assistant manager at the shop, was a victim.   Based on the police report, her head trauma was serious enough and could influence her memory functions. As a result, her identification of the attacker could be a mistake. There are several ways to prevent unethical behavior in the Criminal Justice field, including the formation of the commission that will help to tackle the problem of mistaken identification, unethical behavior and misconduct in the Criminal Justice field; to apply the whistleblowing practice; and to develop effective a nti-corruption policy.

Initial conclusions regarding whether or not terrorist groups are Essay

Initial conclusions regarding whether or not terrorist groups are likely to use WMD - Essay Example The disastrous events of September 11, 2001 and other similar attacks on the American nation and on our allies provide proof to that claim. These increasing threats to our very lives have made us adopt better measures on security front although the possibility of another terrorist attack looms consistently over us. In forcing their own ideologies onto free men these terrorists have no regard for loss of human lives including that of women and children, as witnessed throughout our struggle against them these tyrants would use any means necessary to inflict fear amongst us. The use of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) against the United States is dominantly the most considerable threat. These WMDs in form of biological, nuclear and chemical weapons are not easy to acquire but non-state actors belonging to enemy states such as Iran and North Korea or friendly states such as Afghanistan, Pakistan and others consistently try to get their hands on these weapons in order to inflict destruct ion on a massive scale. In an interview with CNN, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton highlights the concern of WMD when she asserted he biggest threat to America’s national security doesn’t come from North Korea or Iran but from trans-national non-state actors (Clinton 2010). She proclaimed, â€Å"Most of us believe the greater threats are the trans-national non-state networks, primarily the extremists, the fundamentalist Islamic extremists who are connected to al Qaeda in the Arab Peninsula or al Qaeda in Pakistan and Afghanistan. They continue to try to increase the sophistication of their capacity, the attacks that they’re going to make and the biggest nightmare we have is that one of these terrorist member organizations within this syndicate of terror will get their hands on a weapon of mass destruction† (CNN 2010). In the pages that follow we will comprehensively examine the use to weapons of mass destruction and the possibility of terrorists using them against the